Syria is at a critical juncture, navigating a complex web of challenges that threaten its fragile peace. The recent unification agreement between the Syrian government and the US-backed Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) offers a glimmer of hope, but the nation remains plagued by a devastating landmine crisis and the impact of reduced international aid. Can these hurdles be overcome?
Unification Agreement Between Syrian Government and SDF
The Syrian government and the SDF officially began implementing their unification agreement on April 8, 2025, marked by a coordinated prisoner exchange in Aleppo involving approximately 240 detainees. The agreement aims to integrate civil and military institutions in northeastern Syria into the central administration, encompassing border crossings, airports, oil and gas fields, and local governance. The Syrian presidency has emphasized that the agreement guarantees full citizenship rights, political representation, and cultural identity protection for the Kurdish community.
The Landmine Crisis
However, the path to stability is fraught with danger. Since December 2024, over 600 people, including children, have been killed or injured by landmines and explosive remnants of war across Syria. Human Rights Watch has issued urgent warnings about the fatal risks these explosives pose to civilians returning home, urging the transitional government to collaborate with international donors to clear affected areas and secure weapon stockpiles. The crisis has already claimed the lives of at least 249 people, including 60 children, with another 379 injured since December 8, 2024.
Impact of Reduced International Aid
Adding to the nation’s woes, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) has issued approximately 60 contract termination notices, impacting major projects with the World Food Programme (WFP) in the Middle East. The WFP has received termination notices for service contracts in Lebanon, Jordan, and Syria, raising concerns about the potential consequences for food security, healthcare, and other essential services.
ISIS and Israeli Attacks
Despite the fall of its caliphate in 2019, ISIS remains a persistent threat in Syria, with over 2,500 active fighters. Thousands of ISIS militants are held in Syrian prisons and detention camps, posing a risk of resurgence, especially given the new government’s tenuous control. Furthermore, Israel has been condemned by Damascus for attacks on several locations across Syria, which it views as a “flagrant violation” of its sovereignty. Recent attacks nearly destroyed the Hama airbase and resulted in civilian casualties.
Conclusion
As Syria navigates this delicate balance, the success of the SDF integration, the urgent need to address the landmine crisis, and the impact of reduced international aid will be critical factors in determining the nation’s future. The interim government, led by President Ahmed al-Sharaa, faces immense challenges in stabilizing the country and ensuring the safety and well-being of its citizens.